Journal
ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL
Volume 84, Issue -, Pages 142-153Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.022
Keywords
Azole fungicides; Occurrence; Degradation; Fate; Toxicity; Risk
Categories
Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China [2014A030310136]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [U1133005, 41473105]
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Azole fungicides are widely used to treat fungal infection in human. After application, these chemicals may reach to the receiving environment via direct or indirect discharge of wastewaters, thus posing potential risks to nontarget organisms. We aimed to review the occurrence, fate and toxicological effects of some representative household azole fungicides in the environment Azole fungicides were widely detected in surface water and sediment of the aquatic environment due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants. These chemicals are found resistant to microbial degradation, but can undergo photolysis under UV irradiation. Due to different physiochemical properties, azole fungicides showed different environmental behaviors. The residues of azole fungicides could cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. The reported effects include regulation changes in expression of cytochrome P450-related genes and alteration in CYP450-regulated steroidogenesis causing endocrine disruption in fish. Further studies are essential to investigate the removal of azole fungicides by advanced treatment technologies, environmental fate such as natural photolysis, and toxic pathways in aquatic organisms. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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