Anomalous low strain induced by surface charge in nanoporous gold with low relative density

The surface stress induced axial strain in a fiber-like solid is larger than its radical strain, and is also greater than the radical strain in similar-sized spherical solids. It is thus envisaged that the surfaceinduced macroscopic dimension change (i.e., actuation strain) in nanoporous gold (NPG) increases with decreasing relative density, or alternatively, with an increasing ratio between volumes of fiber-like ligaments and sphere-like nodes. In this study, electrochemical actuations of NPG with similar structure sizes, same (oxide-covered) surface state but different relative densities were characterized in situ in response to surface charging/ discharging. We found that the actuation strain amplitude did not increase, but decreased dramatically with decreasing relative density of NPG, in contrast to the above prediction. The actuation strain decreased abruptly when the relative density of NPG was decreased to below 0.25, when the Au content in the AuAg precursor was below 20 at%. Further studies indicate that this anomalous behavior cannot be explained by potential-or size-dependences of the elasticity, the structure difference arising from different dealloying rates, or additional strain induced by the external load during dilatometry experiments. In NPG with low relative density, mutual movements of nanoligaments may occur in the pore space and disconnected regions, which may compensate the local strain in ligaments and account for the anomalous low actuation strain in macroscopic NPG samples.