Journal
ASSESSMENT
Volume 25, Issue 6, Pages 716-728Publisher
SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
DOI: 10.1177/1073191116660813
Keywords
parenting; adolescence; Parental Bonding Instrument; psychometrics; measurement invariance; birth cohort; structural equation modeling
Categories
Funding
- Wellcome Trust [088869/Z/09/Z]
- NIHR CLAHRC East of England
- Wellcome Trust [088869/Z/09/Z] Funding Source: Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council [MC_UU_12019/3, MR/L023784/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- National Institute for Health Research [NF-SI-0509-10215, NF-SI-0513-10134] Funding Source: researchfish
- MRC [MR/L023784/1, MC_UU_12019/3] Funding Source: UKRI
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The factorial structure of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) has been frequently studied in diverse samples but no study has examined its psychometric properties from large, population-based samples. In particular, important questions have not been addressed such as the measurement invariance properties across parental and offspring gender. We evaluated the PBI based on responses from a large, representative population-based sample, using an exploratory structural equation modeling method appropriate for categorical data. Analysis revealed a three-factor structure representing care, overprotection, and autonomy parenting styles. In terms of psychometric measurement validity, our results supported the complete invariance of the PBI ratings across sons and daughters for their mothers and fathers. The PBI ratings were also robust in relation to personality and mental health status. In terms of predictive value, paternal care showed a protective effect on mental health at age 43 in sons. The PBI is a sound instrument for capturing perceived parenting styles, and is predictive of mental health in middle adulthood.
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