Reaction mechanism of hydrogen evolution catalysed by Co and Fe complexes containing a tetra-dentate phosphine ligand - a DFT study

The reaction mechanism of the electro-catalytic proton reduction in neutral phosphate buffer enabled by mononuclear cobalt and iron complexes containing a tetra-dentate phosphine ligand (MP4N2, M = Fe, Co) has been elucidated by density functional calculations. The phosphate from the buffer was found to play a crucial role by coordinating to the metal and delivering a proton to the metal hydride in the H-H bond formation. For the more efficient cobalt catalyst, the starting species is a Co-II complex with a hydrogen phosphate and a water molecule ligated at the two vacant coordination sites. Two sequential proton-coupled electron transfer reductions lead to the formation of a Co-II-H intermediate with a dihydrogen phosphate ligand, and the reduction potentials for these two steps were calculated to be -0.58 V and -0.72 V, respectively. Subsequently, the H-H bond formation takes place via coupling of the CoII-H and the proton from the dihydrogen phosphate ligand. The total barrier was calculated to be 18.2 kcal mol(-1) with an applied potential of -0.5 V, which can further decrease to only 11.2 kcal mol(-1) with an applied potential of -0.8 V. When the phosphate is displaced by a water molecule, the total barrier for the dihydrogen formation increases by 7.3 kcal mol(-1). For the iron catalyst, the overall mechanism is essentially the same; however, the first reduction (Fe-II/Fe-I, potential of -1.13 V) is likely the rate-limiting step. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data, which showed an onset potential of -0.50 V for the cobalt complex and -1.03 V for the iron complex.