Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Neocortical Development: A Transgenerational Model of FASD

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, or FASD, represent a range of adverse developmental conditions caused by prenatal ethanol exposure (PrEE) from maternal consumption of alcohol. PrEE induces neurobiological damage in the developing brain leading to cognitive-perceptual and behavioral deficits in the offspring. Alcohol-mediated alterations to epigenetic function may underlie PrEE-related brain dysfunction, with these changes potentially carried across generations to unexposed offspring. To determine the transgenerational impact of PrEE on neocortical development, we generated a mouse model of FASD and identified numerous stable phenotypes transmitted via the male germline to the unexposed third generation. These include alterations in ectopic intraneocortical connectivity, upregulation of neocortical Rzr beta and Id2 expression accompanied by both promoter hypomethylation of these genes and decreased global DNA methylation levels. DNMT expression was also suppressed in newborn PrEE cortex, providing further insight into how ethanol perturbs DNA methylation leading to altered regulation of gene transcription. These PrEE-induced, transgenerational phenotypes may be responsible for cognitive, sensorimotor, and behavioral deficits seen in humans with FASD. Thus, understanding the possible epigenetic mechanisms by which these phenotypes are generated may reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention of FASD and lead to advances in human health.