Journal
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
Volume 170, Issue -, Pages 80-97Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.013
Keywords
Chitosan; Chitosan oligosaccharide; Chitin; Polymers; Drug discovery
Categories
Funding
- Thailand Research Fund (TRF)
- Mahidol University [BRG5980008]
- Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
- Office of the Higher Education Commission
- Mahidol University under the National Research Universities Initiative
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Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of beta-(1 -> 4)-linked D-glucosamine. COS can be prepared from the deacetylation and hydrolysis of chitin, which is commonly found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects and the cell walls of fungi. COS is water soluble, non-cytotoxic, readily absorbed through the intestine and mainly excreted in the urine. Of particular importance, COS and its derivatives have been demonstrated to possess several biological activities including anti-inflammation, immunostimulation, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, anti hypertension, anti-Alzheimer's disease, tissue regeneration promotion, drug and DNA delivery enhancement, anti-microbial, anti-oxidation and calcium-absorption enhancement. The mechanisms of actions of COS have been found to involve the modulation of several important pathways including the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review summarizes the current knowledge of the preparation methods, pharmacokinetic profiles, biological activities, potential therapeutic applications and safety profiles of COS and its derivatives. In addition, future research directions are discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.
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