Semi-Interpenetrating Network-Type Cross-Linked Amphoteric Ion-Exchange Membrane Based on Styrene Sulfonate and Vinyl Benzyl Chloride for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

Clean energy is the main requirement for human life. Redox flow battery may be an alternative to fossil fuels. An ion-exchange membrane is the heart of the redox flow battery. In the present study, we synthesize semi-interpenetrating cross-linked copolymer amphoteric ion-exchange membranes (AIEMs) with a partially rigid backbone. The styrene sulfonate and vinyl benzyl chloride monomers are used as the cationic and anionic moieties into the AIEMs. Three different types of quaternizing agents are used to convert a primary amine into a quaternary amine group. Here, we avoid the use of the carcinogenic chemical CMME, commonly used for the synthesis of anion-exchange membranes. The prepared membranes exhibit good electrochemical and physicochemical properties with a high acidic stability. The membranes also show moderate water uptake and dimensional change. The ZWMO membrane shows better properties among the AIEMs, with an ionic conductivity of 3.12 x 10(2) S cm(1) and 5.49 water molecules per functional group. The anion and cation-exchange capacities of the ZWMO membranes are calculated to be 1.11 and 0.62 mequiv/g. All AIEMs show good thermal and mechanical stabilities, calculated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and universal testing machine analysis. The membranes show low vanadium ion permeability than the commercial membrane Nafion for their use in vanadium redox flow batteries. Further, the AIEMs are applied in redox flow batteries as separators and deliver good results with the charging and discharging phenomena, with 87% voltage efficiency and 91% current efficiency.