Journal
ENERGIES
Volume 8, Issue 12, Pages 14272-14286Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/en81212430
Keywords
microgrid; demand response; multi-agent system; battery energy storage system; intelligent load; fuzzy system; hardware-in-the-loop simulation
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Funding
- INHA UNIVERSITY Research Grant
- Basic Science Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Education, Science and Technology [NRF-2013R1A1A1012667]
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The microgrid and demand response (DR) are important technologies for future power grids. Among the variety of microgrid operations, the multi-agent system (MAS) has attracted considerable attention. In a microgrid with MAS, the agents installed on the microgrid components operate optimally by communicating with each other. This paper proposes an operation algorithm for the individual agents of a test microgrid that consists of a battery energy storage system (BESS) and an intelligent load. A microgrid central controller to manage the microgrid can exchange information with each agent. The BESS agent performs scheduling for maximum benefit in response to the electricity price and BESS state of charge (SOC) through a fuzzy system. The intelligent load agent assumes that the industrial load performs scheduling for maximum benefit by calculating the hourly production cost. The agent operation algorithm includes a scheduling algorithm using day-ahead pricing in the DR program and a real-time operation algorithm for emergency situations using emergency demand response (EDR). The proposed algorithm and operation strategy were implemented both by a hardware-in-the-loop simulation test using OPAL-RT and an actual hardware test by connecting a new distribution simulator.
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