Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Nickel-Encapsulated N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as a Highly Active Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyst without Direct Metal Nitrogen Coordination

Nickel-encapsulated nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (Ni-TiO2-NCNTs) are synthesized via chemical vapor deposition by thermal decomposition of acetylene with acetonitrile vapor at 700 degrees C on the Ni-TiO2 matrix. TiO2 is used as a dispersant medium for Ni nanoparticles, which assists in higher CNT growth at high temperatures. A reference catalyst is made by following the similar procedure without acetonitrile vapor, which is called a Ni-TiO2-CNT. Acid treatment of these two catalysts dissolved Ni on the surface of CNTs-NCNTs, producing catalysts with enhanced surface area and defects. The transmission electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectra analysis of acid-treated version of the catalysts confirmed the presence of encapsulated Ni. Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of these catalysts was analyzed in 0.1 N KOH solution. Among these, the acid-treated Ni-TiO2-NCNT exhibited highest ORR onset potential of 0.88 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode and a current density of 3.7 mA cm-2 at 170 mu g cm(-2) of catalyst loading. The stability of the acid-treated Ni-TiO2-NCNT is proved by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements which are done for 800 cycles and 100 h, respectively. Primarily N doping of CNTs is the reason behind the improved ORR activity.