Energy and emission management of CCHPs with electric and thermal energy storage and electric vehicle

The shortage of energy along with environmental issues call for Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) to be employed in recent distribution systems. In Microgrids (MGs), Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) units, Electrical Energy Storages (EESs) that are Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Thermal Energy Storages (TESs) as new technologies can enhance system efficiency, in addition to reducing energy cost and emissions if they are properly managed. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization algorithm is proposed to minimize energy cost and emissions in residential MGs with considering BESS and TES. In order to preserve system reliability during on-peak periods, the Demand Response (DR) program is also implemented using Time of Use (TOU) energy tariffs and reducible loads to change energy consumption patterns of consumers. As well, PHEVs as active electrical energy storages are considered as an alternative for EES in optimal energy and emissions management. To solve the proposed multi-objective method, the augmented epsilon-constraint, as one of powerful solution algorithms, is used to efficiently obtain the Pareto front solutions. Then, a fuzzy decision maker is used to pick up the best compromising solution. The proposed strategy is evaluated in several scenarios including with/without considering ESSs and TESs in cases of following thermal, electric, and hybrid loads. Results from case study confirms the effectiveness of the proposed method.