Journal
NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
Volume 46, Issue 2, Pages 546-557Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1241
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Funding
- National Key Research and Development Program [2016YFA0502304]
- Professor of Chang Jiang Scholars Program
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81372269, 81230090, 81520108030, 21472238]
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for the Preparation of Bioactive Natural Products [16DZ2280200]
- Special Program for Applied Research on Super Computation of the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund [U1501501]
- National Program for Support of Top-notch Young Professionals
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Because the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) regulates a variety of protein-encoding genes, it is a participant in many cellular functions, including proliferation, transformation, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and apoptosis. Inhibitors targeting AP-1 have potential use in the treatment of cancer and other inflammatory diseases. Here, we identify veratramine as a potent natural modulator of AP-1, which selectively binds to a specific site (TRE 5'-TGACTCA-3') of the AP-1 target DNA sequence and regulates AP-1-dependent gene transcription without interfering with cystosolic signaling cascades that might lead to AP-1 activation. Moreover, RNA-seq experiments demonstrate that veratramine does not act on the Hedgehog signaling pathway in contrast to its analogue, cyclopamine, and likely does not harbor the same teratogenicity and toxicity. Additionally, veratramine effectively suppresses EGF-induced AP-1 transactivation and transformation of JB6 P+ cells. Finally, we demonstrate that veratramine inhibits solar-ultraviolet-induced AP-1 activation in mice. The identification of veratramine and new findings in its specific regulation of AP-1 down stream genes pave ways to discovering and designing regulators to regulate transcription factor.
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