Journal
JOULE
Volume 2, Issue 11, Pages 2434-2449Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.08.018
Keywords
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Funding
- Robert Bosch LLC through the MIT Energy Initiative (MITei)
- IMSE (Institute of Materials Science and Engineering)
- InCEES (International Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability) at Washington University in Saint Louis
- NSF [DMR-1410636]
- Global Climate and Energy Project at Stanford University
- US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences through the SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
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To enable lithium (Li) metal anodes with high areal capacity that can match advanced cathodes, we investigate the growth mechanisms and the tendency of the deposited metal to penetrate nanoporous ceramic separators across a range of practical current densities. Our results from realistic sandwich cells and special transparent junction cells suggest the existence of three growth modes of lithium, due to the competing reactions of lithium deposition and the solid electrolyte interphase formation. A critical current density (6 mA cm(-2)), similar to 30% of the system-specific limiting current density, is identified as a practical safety boundary for battery design and operation, under which root-growing lithium whiskers are the dominant structure of electrodeposition and can be blocked by the nanoporous ceramic separator. Our operando experiments reveal that metal penetration of the separator does not lead to zero voltage immediately, but rather to sudden, small voltage drops, which should not be treated as benign soft shorts.
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