Journal
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
Volume 215, Issue 2, Pages 891-905Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/nph.14629
Keywords
Andes; biodiversity hotspots; biogeography; diversification; molecular clocks; mountain building; neotropics; Orchidaceae
Categories
Funding
- Colombian National Science Foundation (COLCIENCIAS) scholarship
- German Science Foundation [RE 603/20]
- Marie Curie grant (BIOMME project) [IOF-627684]
- 'Investissements d'Avenir' grant (CEBA) [ANR-10-LABX-25-01]
- Alberta Mennega Foundation
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis
- National Science Foundation (NSF) through NSF [EFJ0832858]
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- Discovery Early Career Researcher Award - Australian Research Council [DE150101773]
- The Australian National University
- Swedish Research Council [2015-04748]
- European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Program [FP/2007-2013]
- ERC [331024]
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
- Wallenberg Academy Fellowship
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Div Of Biological Infrastructure [1300426] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The Andean mountains of South America are the most species-rich biodiversity hotspot worldwide with c. 15% of the world's plant species, in only 1% of the world's land surface. Orchids are a key element of the Andean flora, and one of the most prominent components of the Neotropical epiphyte diversity, yet very little is known about their origin and diversification. We address this knowledge gap by inferring the biogeographical history and diversification dynamics of the two largest Neotropical orchid groups (Cymbidieae and Pleurothallidinae), using two unparalleled, densely sampled orchid phylogenies (including more than 400 newly generated DNA sequences), comparative phylogenetic methods, geological and biological datasets. We find that the majority of Andean orchid lineages only originated in the last 20-15 million yr. Andean lineages are derived from lowland Amazonian ancestors, with additional contributions from Central America and the Antilles. Species diversification is correlated with Andean orogeny, and multiple migrations and recolonizations across the Andes indicate that mountains do not constrain orchid dispersal over long timescales. Our study sheds new light on the timing and geography of a major Neotropical diversification, and suggests that mountain uplift promotes species diversification across all elevational zones.
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