Implantable optical systems for neuroscience research in behaving animal models-Current approaches and future directions

Compared to many other organ systems, the fundamental means by which the central and peripheral nervous systems connect and communicate remain poorly understood. The overall aging of populations in the developed world increases the significance of degenerative and mental health disorders, thereby motivating research into the development of effective therapies, founded on basic insights into the working principles of the brain. Progress in these endeavors can be accelerated by the development of optical tools and techniques capable of tracking and evoking changes in cell-level activity and in system-level neuronal interactions, both in the brain and in the peripherals, especially in unrestricted, freely behaving subjects. This perspective highlights the recent emergence of active optoelectronic platforms that leverage genetically targeted stimulators, inhibitors, and sensors and their vital role in brain research and therapy development. The technological advances that underpin the latest, most powerful device embodiments include miniaturized, highly efficient semiconductor light emitters and detectors that can operate chronically in a fully implantable, battery-free, wireless manner. Recent progress in this field enables a range of powerful modes of operation, with key advantages over traditional systems. (C) 2018 Author(s).