Journal
NEUROCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL
Volume 106, Issue -, Pages 85-93Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.004
Keywords
Human induced pluripotent stem cells; Embryonic stem cells; Cerebral organoids; Disease modeling; Drug screening
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Funding
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, NIH grants [R01 MH101454, R01 MH106056]
- New York Stem Cell Foundation
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Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can theoretically yield limitless supplies of cells fated to any cell type that comprise the human organism, making them a new tool by which to potentially overcome caveats in current biomedical research. In vitro derivation of central nervous system (CNS) cell types has the potential to provide material for drug discovery and validation, safety and toxicity assays, cell replacement therapy and the elucidation of previously unknown disease mechanisms. However, current two-dimensional (2D) CNS differentiation protocols do not faithfully recapitulate the spatial organization of heterogeneous tissue, nor the cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, or specific physiological functions generated within complex tissue such as the brain. In an effort to overcome 2D protocol limitations, there have been advancements in deriving highly complicated 3D neural organoid structures. Herein we provide a synopsis of the derivation and application of neural organoids and discuss recent advancements and remaining challenges on the full potential of this novel technological platform. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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