Journal
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 1, Issue 9, Pages 5062-5067Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.8b01101
Keywords
GIC; aqueous battery; in situ X-ray diffraction; intercalation chemistry; anion intercalation; exfoliation
Funding
- Beckman Young Investigator Award
- UNC Department of Chemistry
- National Science Foundation, as part of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure, NNCI [ECCS-1542015]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-SC0001011]
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Graphite has been extensively studied as a battery electrode, but few investigations have explored its behavior in water at neutral pH. Here, we investigate graphite intercalation in an aqueous ammonium sulfate electrolyte with a pH of 6. We identified potentials at which bisulfate intercalation and deintercalation compete with water oxidation. In situ X-ray diffraction revealed that the interlayer space of graphite expands during intercalation, reaching a stage-two graphite intercalation compound. Irreversible changes to the graphite occurred during intercalation, as demonstrated by the appearance of spa-type carbon, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups in Raman and X-ray photoemission spectra. Our findings indicate that intercalation of graphite in aqueous media at a near-neutral pH and modest potentials is possible, but improved chemical and structural stability of the graphite and electrolyte are required to achieve long-term operation.
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