Journal
ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS
Volume 1, Issue 6, Pages 2474-2482Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.7b00337
Keywords
3D printing; in situ poling; gait analysis; piezoelectric; polyvinylidene fluoride
Funding
- NSERC [RGPIN3212568-2013]
- Canada Research Chair [CRC950-216943]
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Given the ever-increasing demand for customization and miniaturization, in situ three-dimensional (3D) printing of piezoelectric polymers comes as an efficient means to cater to smart structures via multimaterial printing. Applying our hybrid printing technique to polyvinylidene-fluoride barium-titanate (PVDF-BaTiO3) nanocomposites, to combine the fabrication and high-voltage poling steps, shrinks the manufacturing time, overcomes the disadvantages of adherence in nonconformal piezoelectric films or fabrics, and increases the sensitivity and scope for on-demand applications. A remarkable 300% improvement in piezoelectric charge output is achieved upon the addition of 10 wt % BaTiO3 nanoparticles and application of an electric field of 1 MV m(-1) compared with printed unpoled neat PVDF. We demonstrate the application of the in situ poling process in the form of sensors printed directly on a shoe insole for gait analysis. The sensors fabricated in this work effectively distinguish between walking and stamping as both portable in-shoe sensor as well as sensors attached to the ground.
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