Journal
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 12-17Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.120
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Funding
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research [MOP-130482, MOP-136845]
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CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems are widespread among bacteria and archaea. Recent studies have shown that these systems have minimal long-term evolutionary effects in limiting horizontal gene transfer. This suggests that the ability to evade CRISPR-Cas immunity must also be widespread in phages and other mobile genetic elements. In this Progress article, we discuss recent discoveries that highlight how phages inactivate CRISPR-Cas systems by using anti-CRISPR proteins, and we outline evolutionary and biotechnological implications of their activity.
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