Direct measurement of Kramers turnover with a levitated nanoparticle

Understanding the thermally activated escape from a meta-stable state is at the heart of important phenomena such as the folding dynamics of proteins(1,2), the kinetics of chemical reactions(3) or the stability of mechanical systems(4). In 1940, Kramers calculated escape rates both in the high damping and low damping regimes, and suggested that the rate must have a maximum for intermediate damping(5). This phenomenon, today known as the Kramers turnover, has triggered important theoretical and numerical studies(6). However, as yet, there is no direct and quantitative experimental verification of this turnover. Using a nanoparticle trapped in a bistable optical potential, we experimentally measure the nanoparticle's transition rates for variable damping and directly resolve the Kramers turnover. Our measurements are in agreement with an analytical model that is free of adjustable parameters. The levitated nanoparticle presented here is a versatile experimental platform for studying and simulating a wide range of stochastic processes and testing theoretical models and predictions.