Prostate cancer-associated SPOP mutations confer resistance to BET inhibitors through stabilization of BRD4

The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family of proteins comprises four members-BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and the testisspecific isoform BRDT-that largely function as transcriptional coactivators(1-3) and play critical roles in various cellular processes, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion(4,5). BET proteins enhance the oncogenic functions of major cancer drivers by elevating the expression of these drivers, such as c-Myc in leukemia(6,7), or by promoting the transcriptional activities of oncogenic factors, such as AR and ERG in prostate cancer(8). Pathologically, BET proteins are frequently overexpressed and are clinically linked to various types of human cancer(5,9,10); they are therefore being pursued as attractive therapeutic targets for selective inhibition in patients with cancer. To this end, a number of bromodomain inhibitors, including JQ1 and I-BET, have been developed(11,12) and have shown promising outcomes in early clinical trials. Although resistance to BET inhibitors has been documented in preclinical models(13-15), the molecular mechanisms underlying acquired resistance are largely unknown. Here we report that cullin-3(SPOP) earmarks BET proteins, including BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4, for ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Pathologically, prostate cancer-associated SPOP mutants fail to interact with and promote the degradation of BET proteins, leading to their elevated abundance in SPOP-mutant prostate cancer. As a result, prostate cancer cell lines and organoids derived from individuals harboring SPOP mutations are more resistant to BET-inhibitor-induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, our results elucidate the tumorsuppressor role of SPOP in prostate cancer in which it acts as a negative regulator of BET protein stability and also provide a molecular mechanism for resistance to BET inhibitors in individuals with prostate cancer bearing SPOP mutations.