Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pages 7086-7094Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03831
Keywords
Lithium/sulfur cell; energy storage; high sulfur loading; ionic liquid; in situ TEM; aluminum foam
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Funding
- Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- Nano.Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning [2009-0082580]
- ZAF Energy Systems
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The ambient-temperature rechargeable lithium/sulfur (Li/S) cell is a strong candidate for the beyond lithium ion cell since significant progress on developing advanced sulfur electrodes with high sulfur loading has been made. Here we report on a new sulfur electrode active material consisting of a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-modified sulfur-graphene oxide-carbon nanotube (S-GO-CTA-CNT) nanocomposite prepared by freeze-drying. We show the real-time formation of nanocrystalline lithium sulfide (Li2S) at the interface between the S-GO-CTA-CNT nanocomposite and the liquid electrolyte by in situ TEM observation of the reaction. The combination of GO and CNT helps to maintain the structural integrity of the S-GO-CTA-CNT nanocomposite during lithiation/delithiation. A high S loading (11.1 mgS/cm(2), 75% S) S-GO-CTA-CNT electrode was successfully prepared using a three-dimensional structured A1 foam as a substrate and showed good S utilization (1128 mAh/g S corresponding to 12.5 mAh/cm(2)), even with a very low electrolyte to sulfur weight ratio of 4. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the ionic liquid in the electrolyte improves the Coulombic efficiency and stabilizes the morphology of the Li metal anode.
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