Journal
NANO LETTERS
Volume 17, Issue 6, Pages 3946-3951Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01546
Keywords
Layered cathode; lithium ion-battery; structural degradation; EELS; annular bright field imaging
Categories
Funding
- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy - Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) program [18769, 6951379]
- DOE's Office of Biological and Environmental Research
- Department of Energy [DE-AC05-76RL01830]
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Layered lithium transition metal oxides (LTMO) are promising candidate cathode materials for next-generation high-energy density lithium ion battery. The challenge for using this category of cathode is the capacity and voltage fading, which is believed to be associated with the layered structure disordering, a process that is initiated from the surface or solid-electrolyte interface and facilitated by transition metal (TM) reduction and oxygen vacancy formation. However, the atomic level dynamic mechanism of such a layered structure disordering is still not fully clear. In this work, utilizing atomic resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we map, for the first time at atomic scale, the spatial evolution of Ni, Co and Mn in a cycled LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 layered cathode. In combination with atomic level structural imaging, we discovered the direct correlation of TM ions migration behavior with lattice disordering, featuring the residing of TM ions in the tetrahedral site and a sequential migration of Ni, Co, and Mn upon the increased lattice disordering of the layered structure. This work highlights that Ni ions, though acting as the dominant redox species in many LTMO, are labile to migrate to cause lattice disordering upon battery cycling, while the Mn ions are more stable as compared with Ni and Co and can act as pillar to stabilize layered structure. Direct visualization of the behavior of TM ions during the battery cycling provides insight for designing of cathode with high structural stability and correspondingly a superior performance.
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