Journal
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
Volume 161, Issue -, Pages 23-31Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.086
Keywords
Hard carbon; Nanopore; Anode; Sodium ion batteries
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Funding
- Basic Science Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korea Government (MSIP) [2013R1A2A2A04015089]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2013R1A2A2A04015089] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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The porosity and morphology of sucrose-based hard carbon (SHC) was regulated by varying the amount of bicarbonate salts added during a simple two-stage sintering process. During the first-stage thermal treatment of sugar at 200 degrees C, CO2 liberated from bicarbonate contributed to the pulverization of particles and to the formation of submicron-sized pores. Na2CO3 entrapped in a precursor matrix also released CO2 during the second-stage sintering at 850 degrees C, producing nanometric pores (ca. 10 nm in diameter). The excessively high content of bicarbonates, however, resulted in paper-thin graphitic layers with no submicron-sized pores. These dual roles of bicarbonates produced nanoporous SHC (NSHC) with the submicron-to-nano-sized pores and the largest surface area that was possible for a specific bicarbonate concentration. The optimal nanoporosity of NSHC lent itself to a sharp increase in reversible capacity. Reversible capacity of 324 and 289 mA h g(-1) were obtained for the first and 100th cycles at 20 mA g(-1), in contrast to 251 and 213 mA h g(-1), respectively, for SHC. The rate capability of NSHC also was enhanced due to a substantial decrease in the charge transfer resistance and a 5-fold increase in the Na+ diffusion coefficient. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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