Proton transfer in hydrogen-bonded degenerate systems of water and ammonia in metal-organic frameworks

Porous crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are emerging as a new class of proton conductors with numerous investigations. Some of the MOFs exhibit an excellent proton-conducting performance (higher than 10(-2) S cm(-1)) originating from the interesting hydrogen(H)-bonding networks with guest molecules, where the conducting medium plays a crucial role. In the overwhelming majority of MOFs, the conducting medium is H2O because of its degenerate conjugate acid-base system (H3O(+) + H2O double left right arrow H2O + H3O+ or OH- + H2O double left right arrow H2O + OH-) and the efficient H-bonding ability through two proton donor and two acceptor sites with a tetrahedral geometry. Considering the systematic molecular similarity to water, ammonia (NH3; NH4+ + NH3 double left right arrow NH3 + NH4+) is promising as the next proton-conducting medium. In addition, there are few reports on NH3-mediated proton conductivity in MOFs. In this perspective, we provide overviews of the degenerate water (hydronium or hydroxide)- or ammonia (ammonium)-mediated proton conduction system, the design strategies for proton-conductive MOFs, and the conduction mechanisms.