A Perspective on the Muller Cell-Neuron Metabolic Partnership in the Inner Retina

The Muller cells represent the predominant macroglial cell in the retina. In recent decades, Muller cells have been acknowledged to be far more influential on neuronal homeostasis in the retina than previously assumed. With its unique localization, spanning the entire retina being interposed between the vessels and neurons, Muller cells are responsible for the functional and metabolic support of the surrounding neurons. As a consequence of major energy demands in the retina, high levels of glucose are consumed and processed by Muller cells. The present review provides a perspective on the symbiotic relationship between Muller cells and inner retinal neurons on a cellular level by emphasizing the essential role of energy metabolism within Muller cells in relation to retinal neuron survival.