Journal
NEUROBIOLOGY OF STRESS
Volume 10, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100160
Keywords
Chronic stress; Ketamine; Stress vulnerability; Glutamate release; BDNF; Antidepressant
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) [2012A9T2S9, 2015HRE757_002]
- Cariplo Foundation [2014-1133]
- NARSAD
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging - Villum Foundation
- DFF grant from the Danish Council for Independent Research [DFF-5053-00103]
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Depression is a debilitating mental disease, characterized by persistent low mood and anhedonia. Stress represents a major environmental risk factor for depression; the complex interaction of stress with genetic factors results in different individual vulnerability or resilience to the disorder. Dysfunctions of the glutamate system have a primary role in depression. Clinical neuroimaging studies have consistently reported alterations in volume and connectivity of cortico-limbic areas, where glutamate neurons and synapses predominate. This is confirmed by preclinical studies in rodents, showing that repeated stress induces morphological and functional maladaptive changes in the same brain regions altered in humans. Confirming the key role of glutamatergic transmission in depression, compelling evidence has shown that the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine, induces, at sub-anesthetic dose, rapid and sustained antidepressant response in both humans and rodents. We show here that the Chronic Mild Stress model of depression induces, only in stress-vulnerable rats, depressed-like anhedonic behavior, together with impairment of glutamate/GABA presynaptic release, BDNF mRNA trafficking in dendrites and dendritic morphology in hippocampus. Moreover, we show that a single administration of ketamine restores, in 24 h, normal behavior and most of the cellular/molecular maladaptive changes in vulnerable rats. Interestingly, ketamine treatment did not restore BDNF mRNA levels reduced by chronic stress but rescued dendritic trafficking of BDNF mRNA. The present results are consistent with a mechanism of ketamine involving rapid restoration of synaptic homeostasis, through re-equilibration of glutamate/GABA release and dendritic BDNF for synaptic translation and reversal of synaptic and circuitry impairment.
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