Inhibitory Effect of 7-Demethoxytylophorine on Penicillium italicum and its Possible Mechanism

7-demethoxytylophorine (DEM) is a phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid, which is reported to be effective in inhibiting leucocytes and regulation of human immunity. However, few studies reported the inhibitory effect of DEM against plant-pathogenic fungi, particularly postharvest pathogen Penicillium italicum (P. italicum). Current studies have investigated the antifungal activity of DEM through membrane damage and energy deficit in P. italicum. The results showed that the DEM potentially inhibits the growth of P. italicum in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro (mycelial growth and spore germination) tests showed great minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (1.56 mu g mL(-1)) and minimum fugicide concentration (MFC) (6.25 mu g mL(-1)). Microscopic analyses showed that mycelial morphology of P. italicum was severely damaged following DEM treatment. Moreover, relative electrical conductivity and lysis ability assays showed that DEM treatment aids in destroying the integrity of plasma membranes that deplete reducing sugars and soluble proteins. The activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) demonstrated that DEM led to the disruption of TCA cycle in P. italicum mycelia. The results of this study led us to conclude that, DEM could be used as a natural antifungal agent for controlling postharvest blue mold disease of citrus fruits caused by P. italicum.