Development of molecular markers for breeding of double flowers in Japanese gentian

Double flowers are valuable floral traits in most floricultural plants. We recently revealed that a double-flowered mutant of Gentiana scabra was caused by an insertion of a retrotransposable element (Tgs1) into GsAG1, one of the C-class MADS-box genes in gentian. In this study, we developed a PCR-based molecular DNA marker to distinguish double-and single-flower phenotypes at the young seedling stage in Japanese gentian plants. To test the validity of the markers, 17 F-2 populations were produced by selfing F-1 plants crossed between the double-flower mutant and seven breeding lines. Multiplex PCR demonstrated that the Tgs1 insertion in GsAG1 cosegregated with the double-flower phenotype in two F-2 populations, indicating that the PCR-based DNA marker was useful to discriminate between double-and single-flower phenotypes in advance of flowering in Japanese gentian. Given that Japanese gentians lack variation in flower shape and require a long breeding period, the DNA marker developed here will be helpful for efficient breeding of double-flowered cultivars in the future.