Mineral chemistry and phase equilibrium constraints on the origin of accretions formed during copper flash smelting

This paper delves into the constraints on the nature, origin and thermal evolution of the accretions formed in the uptake shaft of the flash smelting furnace operated by Atlantic Copper in Huelva, Spain, outlining recommended practices for preventing accretion buildup. The accretions were investigated using quantitative electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and digital imaging techniques, and the experimental data on mineral composition, crystal chemistry and textural relationships were interpreted in terms of thermodynamic phase equilibrium in the SiO2-Fe-O-S system. The results suggest that two distinct types of accretions were formed by the fractional crystallization of two coexisting immiscible melts, under changing conditions of oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)). The type I accretion of magnetite + delafossite +/- cuprite +/- tridymite +/- metallic copper crystallized from a fractionating copper-rich melt at pO(2) above about 10(-5) atm, while the type II accretion of magnetite + fayalite + metallic copper + chalcocite derived from a melt with lower copper concentration when pO(2) levels dropped below that critical level. Phase compositions and textures were consistent with a cooling history of both compositionally contrasting liquids from about 1,250 degrees C, the liquidus temperature ofmagnetite, to eutectic or near-eutectic temperatures of around 1,100 degrees C. The maintenance of appropriate temperatures above the liquidus temperature of magnetite and oxygen partial pressure levels may be critical for the prevention of accretion buildup.