Lightweight Metallic MgB2 Mediates Polysulfide Redox and Promises High-Energy-Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

The lithium-sulfur battery, despite possessing high theoretical specific energy, faces practical challenges of polysulfide shuttling and low cell-level energy density and hence requires significant functional advances over porous carbon for the cathode host. Here we report the lightweight superconductor MgB2-whose average mass/atom is comparable with carbon-as a metallic sulfur host that fulfills both electron conduction and polysulfide immobilization properties. We show by means of first-principles calculations that borides are unique in that both B-and Mg-terminated surfaces bond exclusively with the S-x(2-) anions (not Li+), and hence enhance electron transfer to the active S-x(2-) ions. The surface-mediated polysulfide redox behavior results in a much higher exchange current in comparison with MgO and carbon. By sandwiching MgB2 nanoparticles between graphene nanosheets to form a high-surface-area composite structure, we demonstrate sulfur cathodes that achieve stable cycling at a high sulfur loading of 9.3 mg cm(-2).