Journal
ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS
Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 685-696Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00534
Keywords
3D plotting; additive manufacturing; bone tissue engineering; design of experiments (DoE); macro/microporous scaffolds; thermally induced phase separation
Funding
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health [1R15AR066269-01A1]
- Ohio Board of Regents (OBR)
- Ohio Third Frontier Program
- Miami University Office for the Advancement of Research and Scholarship (OARS)
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The limitations in the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic waste products pose a challenge to the development of bioengineered bone of clinically relevant size. This paper reports the design and characterization of hierarchical macro/microporous scaffolds made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and nanohydroxyapatite (PLGA/nHA). These scaffolds were produced by combining additive manufacturing (AM) and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) techniques. Macrochannels with diameters of similar to 300 mu m, similar to 380 mu m, and similar to 460 mu m were generated by embedding porous 3D-plotted polyethylene glycol (PEG) inside PLGA/nHA/1,4-dioxane or PLGA/1,4-dioxane solutions, followed by PEG extraction using deionized (DI) water. We have used an I-optimal design of experiments (DoE) and the response surface analysis (JMP software) to relate three responses (scaffold thickness, porosity, and modulus) to the four experimental factors affecting the scaffold macro/microstructures (e.g., PEG strand diameter, PLGA concentration, nHA content, and TIPS temperature). Our results indicated that a PEG strand diameter of similar to 380 mu m, a PLGA concentration of similar to 10% w/v, a nHA content of similar to 10% w/w, and a TIPS temperature around -10 degrees C could generate scaffolds with a porosity of similar to 90% and a modulus exceeding 4 MPa. This paper presents the steps for the I-optimal design of these scaffolds and reports on their macro/microstructures, characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT).
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