Fluorometric determination of lead(II) and mercury(II) based on their interaction with a complex formed between graphene oxide and a DNAzyme

The authors have designed a DNAzyme where graphene oxide (GO) interacts with the ssDNA stem loop region. The DNAzyme strand and substrate strand are hybridized and bind to the surface of GO which act as a signal reporter, while GO act as a strong quencher. The presence of Pb(II) ion disturbs the GO-DNAzyme complex and causes internal cleavage of the DNAzyme complex. On addition of Thioflavin T (ThT) as a quadruplex inducer, fluorescence intensity (best measured at excitation/emission peaks of 425/490 nm) is strongly enhanced. Subsequent addition of Hg(II) to ThT/G-quadruplex complex decreases fluorescence because the G-quadruplex is unwinding to form a T-Hg(II)-T dsDNA system. Therefore, the change in fluorescence intensity of ThT is directly correlated to the concentration of Pb(II) and Hg(II). As a result, the assay is highly selective and sensitive. The limits of detection are 96 pM for Pb(II) and 356 pM for Hg(II). Moreover, the method was applied to the detection of the two ions in spiked real samples and gave satisfactory results.