In situ evolution of the active phase on stainless steel mesh toward a cost-effective bifunctional electrode for energy storage and conversion

Developing low-cost, efficient and stable electrode materials is a major challenge of energy storage and conversion. Here, we report a facile, cost-effective and scaled-up self-sacrificing strategy for transforming commercial stainless steel into highly active and ultra-stable electrodes for supercapacitors and the hydrogen evolution reaction. The modified stainless steel displays superior electrochemical activity as well as excellent cycling durability.