Simultaneous determination of opioid drugs in urine with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet after supramolecular based magnetic NP solid-phase extraction

A simple and rapid extraction/preconcentration procedure using supramolecular based magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) solid-phase extraction method by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-coated MNPs has been developed for both removal and preconcentration of three important opioid drugs named morphine, codeine and methadone before their high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet determination. To get insight configuration of SDS molecules on the surface of the MNPs, zeta potential measurements were performed in different SDS (mg)/mg of MNPs ratios. Parameters affecting the extraction and preconcentration efficiency of the opioids were optimised as recovery by one variable at-a-time methodology and the obtained recoveries were 91, 94 and 98% for morphine, codeine and methadone, respectively. Under optimum conditions ( such as pH = 3.5; adsorbent amount = 60 mg; eluent solvent volume = 2 ml of acetonitrile, sample volume = 200 ml etc.), the method was linear in the range of 1-200 ng ml(-1) with enrichment factors (EFs) of 91, 94 and 98 for morphine, codeine and methadone, respectively, and the limits of detection were <0.27 ng ml(-1). Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for both removal and trace determination of the targeted drugs in urine samples.