Journal
ANNALS OF GASTROENTEROLOGICAL SURGERY
Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 130-137Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12225
Keywords
immune cell; immunomodulation; pancreatic cancer; tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; tumor microenvironment
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Pancreatic cancer remains a highly recalcitrant disease despite the development of systemic chemotherapies. New treatment options are thus urgently required. Dense stromal formation, so-called desmoplastic stroma, plays controversial roles in terms of pancreatic cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells comprise the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is considered an immune-quiescent disease, but activation of immunological response in pancreatic cancer may contribute to favorable outcomes. Herein, we review the role of the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer, with a focus on immunological aspects.
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