Tourism openness, trade openness, and currency-purchasing power in Brazil: A causality analysis

This paper examines the causality between tourism openness (TOOP), trade openness (TROP), and currency-purchasing power (BRPP) in Brazil and measures the future impact of innovations. Johansen cointegration tests and vector error correction estimates support the hypothesis that there is short-run and long-run, one-way Granger causality from TROP and BRPP to TOOP. Variance decomposition analysis shows a peak percent TOOP variance of 51% due to BRPP and TROP. BRPP shows as the main precedent variable to be observed for tourism planning. The analysis indicates that policymakers must consider BRPP and TROP in setting objectives for Brazilian tourism.