Journal
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Volume 111, Issue -, Pages 242-247Publisher
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.015
Keywords
lambda-cyhalothrin; Imidacloprid; Cadmium; Eisenia fetida; Acute mixture toxicity; Combination index
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [31401767]
- Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province [LY13C03006]
- Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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Contaminants in the environment do not appear singly and usually occur as mixtures. We applied the combination index (CI)-isobologram method which allows computerized quantitation of synergism, additive effect and antagonism to determine the nature of toxicological interactions of two pesticides lambda-cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and heavy metal cadmium towards earthworm Eisenia fetida. In an artificial soil test, lambda-cyhalothrin and Cd combination was slightly synergistic at low effect levels which turned into a slight antagonism above f(a) values of 0.6, while the binary mixtures containing imidacloprid exhibited antagonism. The presence of imidacloprid in the ternary mixture also resulted in an antagonistic effect to the earthworms. This behavior became more antagonistic in the ternary mixture in filter paper tests. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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