Journal
MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA
Volume 35, Issue 4, Pages 493-516Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqx018
Keywords
immersed boundary method; heart development; trabeculation; hematocrit; fluid dynamics; haemodynamics
Categories
Funding
- NSF DMS CAREER [1151478]
- NSF CBET [1511427]
- NSF DMS [1151478]
- National Institutes of Health [HL069768-14]
- NSFPOLS [1505061]
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Physics [1505061] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [1511427] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1558052] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Mathematical Sciences
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1151478] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Recent in vivo experiments have illustrated the importance of understanding the haemodynamics of heart morphogenesis. In particular, ventricular trabeculation is governed by a delicate interaction between haemodynamic forces, myocardial activity, and morphogen gradients, all of which are coupled to genetic regulatory networks. The underlying haemodynamics at the stage of development in which the trabeculae form is particularly complex, given the balance between inertial and viscous forces. Small perturbations in the geometry, scale, and steadiness of the flow can lead to changes in the overall flow structures and chemical morphogen gradients, including the local direction of flow, the transport of morphogens, and the formation of vortices. The immersed boundary method was used to solve the two-dimensional fluid-structure interaction problem of fluid flow moving through a two chambered heart of a zebrafish (Danio rerio), with a trabeculated ventricle, at 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Trabeculae heights and hematocrit were varied, and simulations were conducted for two orders of magnitude ofWomersley number, extending beyond the biologically relevant range (0.2-12.0). Both intracardial and intertrabecular vortices formed in the ventricle for biologically relevant parameter values. The bifurcation from smooth streaming flow to vortical flow depends upon the trabeculae geometry, hematocrit, and Womersley number, Wo. This work shows the importance of hematocrit and geometry in determining the bulk flow patterns in the heart at this stage of development.
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