Eutrophication and warming-driven green tides (Ulva rigida) are predicted to increase under future climate change scenarios

The incidence and severity of extraordinary macroalgae blooms (green tides) are increasing. Here, climate change (ocean warming and acidification) impacts on life history and biochemical responses of a causative green tide species, Ulva rigida, were investigated under combinations of pH (7.95, 7.55, corresponding to lower and higher pCO(2)), temperature (14,18 degrees C) and nitrate availability (6 and 150 mu mol L-1). The higher temperature accelerated the onset and magnitude of gamete settlement. Any two factor combination promoted germination and accelerated growth in young plants. The higher temperature increased reproduction, which increased further in combination with elevated pCO(2) or nitrate. Reproductive success was highest (64.4 +/- 5.1%) when the upper limits of all three variables were combined. Biochemically, more protein and lipid but less carbohydrate were synthesized under higher temperature and nitrate conditions. These results suggest that climate change may cause more severe green tides, particularly when eutrophication cannot be effectively controlled. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.