Biological activities of wheat middlings bioprocessed with Bacillus spp.

Wheat middlings were cultivated with five different Bacillus spp. strains in order to evaluate their effect on the phenolic composition and bioactive properties of this agro-industrial waste. Total phenolic content and phenolic profile as well as antioxidant, antibacterial, antihypertensive and prebiotic activities were determined. The bioprocessed wheat middlings exhibited an increase in antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH assays) and total phenolic compounds. Changes in the phenolic profile, with identification of some hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids were also observed by HPLC-DAD analysis. Selected samples inhibited the growth of Gram-positive (L. monocytogenes and B. cereus) and Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. The sample cultured for 72 h with B. subtilis FTC01 also promoted the growth of a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus acidophilus) and showed a high angiotensin-I converting enzyme-inhibitory activity. Thus, the use of bioprocessing techniques can be an interesting approach to improve the bioavailability of compounds with health-promoting properties from wheat coproducts. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.