Journal
JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS
Volume 169, Issue -, Pages 168-176Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.016
Keywords
Aerodynamic roughness length; Drag coefficient for vegetation; Logarithmic wind profile; Morphometric method; Urban; Zero-plane displacement
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Funding
- NERC CASE [NE/L00853X/1]
- Newton Fund/Met Office CSSP China
- NERC ClearfLo
- EUf7 BRIDGE
- EUf7 emBRACE
- H2020 UrbanFluxes
- EPSRC BTG
- KCL
- University of Reading
- Natural Environment Research Council [NE/N00700X/1, NE/H003231/1, NE/L008971/1, 1546749] Funding Source: researchfish
- NERC [NE/H003231/1, NE/N00700X/1, NE/L008971/1] Funding Source: UKRI
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A widely used morphometric method (Macdonald et al. 1998) to calculate the zero-plane displacement (z(d)) and aerodynamic roughness length (z(0)) for momentum is further developed to include vegetation. The adaptation also applies to the Kanda et al. (2013) morphometric method which considers roughness-element height variability. Roughness-element heights (mean, maximum and standard deviation) of both buildings and vegetation are combined with a porosity corrected plan area and drag formulation. The method captures the influence of vegetation (in addition to buildings), with the magnitude of the effect depending upon whether buildings or vegetation are dominant and the porosity of vegetation (e.g. leaf-on or leaf-off state). Application to five urban areas demonstrates that where vegetation is taller and has larger surface cover, its inclusion in the morphometric methods can be more important than the morphometric method used. Implications for modelling the logarithmic wind profile (to 100 m) are demonstrated. Where vegetation is taller and occupies a greater amount of space, wind speeds may be slowed by up to a factor of three.
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