Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
Volume 38, Issue 7, Pages 649-672Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/14786451.2018.1559164
Keywords
Cost-optimal renovation; energy performance; multi-objective optimisation; greenhouse gas emissions; apartment building
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Funding
- Academy of Finland
- project Optimal transformation pathway towards the 2050 low-carbon target: integrated buildings, grids and national energy system for the case of Finland [309064]
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Member countries of the European Union have released targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 80% by the year 2050. Energy use in buildings is a major source of these emissions, which is why this study focused on the cost-optimal renovation of Finnish apartment buildings. Apartment buildings from four different construction years (pre-1976, 1976-2002, 2003-2009 and post-2010) were modelled, using three different heating systems: district heating, ground-source heat pump and exhaust air heat pump. Multi-objective optimisation was utilised to find the most cost-effective energy renovation measures. Most cost-effective renovation measures were ground-source heat pumps, demand-based ventilation and solar electricity. Additional thermal insulation of walls was usually too expensive. By performing only the cost-effective renovations, the emissions could be reduced by 80%, 82%, 69% and 68%, from the oldest to the newest buildings, respectively. This could be done with the initial investment cost of 296, 235, 115 and 104 (sic)/m(2), respectively.
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