Journal
SCIENCE
Volume 365, Issue 6449, Pages 150-+Publisher
AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw2403
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Funding
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-18-1-0510, FA9550-17-1-0328]
- Office of Naval Research [N68335-18-C-0368]
- National Science Foundation [CMMI-1661246, CMMI-1636306, CMMI-1726435]
- Robert A. Welch Foundation [AT-0029]
- Australian Research Council for a Centre of Excellence [CE140100012]
- DECRA Fellowship [DE12010517]
- National Research Foundation of Korea for the Creative Research Initiative Center for Self-powered Actuation
- Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality [16JC1400700]
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Although guest-filled carbon nanotube yarns provide record performance as torsional and tensile artificial muscles, they are expensive, and only part of the muscle effectively contributes to actuation. We describe a muscle type that provides higher performance, in which the guest that drives actuation is a sheath on a twisted or coiled core that can be an inexpensive yarn. This change from guest-filled to sheath-run artificial muscles increases the maximum work capacity by factors of 1.70 to 2.15 for tensile muscles driven electrothermally or by vapor absorption. A sheath-run electrochemical muscle generates 1.98 watts per gram of average contractile power-40 times that for human muscle and 9.0 times that of the highest power alternative electrochemical muscle. Theory predicts the observed performance advantages of sheath-run muscles.
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