Association between Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphism and Serum Vitamin D Levels in Children with Low-Energy Fractures

Objective: Fractures of bones, especially forearm fractures, are very common in children and their number is increasing. This study was designed to determine the impact of vitamin D serum levels and vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms on the occurrence of low-energy fractures in children. Methods: The study group consisted of 100 children with clinically relevant bone fractures and a control group consisted of 127 children without fractures. Total vitamin D [25(OH)D3 plus 25(OH)D2] serum concentrations were evaluated in every patient. Genotypes for 4 restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene (FokI, ApaI, TaqI, and BsmI) were determined by standard polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques. Results: Differences in concentrations of vitamin D were observed between the group with bone fractures (median D 12 ng/ml) and the control group (median D 16 ng/ml; p = 0.000044). Higher levels of vitamin D reduced the risk of fracture by 1.06 times (p = 0.0005). No impact of particular VDR polymorphism on the occurrence of low-energy fractures in children was detected. However, there were significant differences in the prevalence of FokI polymorphism genotypes between the fracture and control groups (p = 0.05). Furthermore, the recessive aa genotype of ApaI polymorphism and the dominant TT genotype of TaqI polymorphism were associated with higher levels of vitamin D (p = 0.005 and p = 0.036, respectively). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is an independent risk factor for fractures in children. ApaI polymorphism recessive aa and TaqI polymorphism dominant TT genotypes are associated with higher levels of vitamin D in serum.