Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Hexapole Helicenes: Assembling Six [5]Helicene Substructures into Highly Twisted Aromatic Systems

Hexapole helicenes 1, which contain six [5]helicene substructures, were synthesized by Pd-catalyzed [2+2+2]-cycloadditions of aryne precursor 6. Among the possible 20 stereoisomers, which include ten pairs of enantiomers, HH-1 was obtained selectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations identified HH-1 as the second most stable isomer that quantitatively isomerizes under thermal conditions into the most stable isomer (HH-2). Both enantiomers of HH-2 can be separated by chiral HPLC. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed a saddle-like structure for (P,M,P,P,M,P) HH-1 and a propeller-like structure for (P,M,P,M,P,M) HH-2. Because of the helical assembly and the resulting steric repulsion, the structure of HH-1 is significantly distorted and exhibits the largest twisting angle reported so far (up to 35.7 degrees per benzene unit). Electrochemical studies and DFT calculations indicated a narrow HOMO-LUMO gap on account of the extended pi-system. Kinetic studies of the isomerization from HH-1 to HH-2 and the racemization of enantiomerically pure HH-2 were conducted based on H-1 NMR spectroscopy, HPLC analysis, and DFT calculations.