Form factors of two-hadron states from a covariant finite-volume formalism

In this work we develop a Lorentz-covariant version of the previously derived formalism for relating finite-volume matrix elements to 2 + J -> 2 transition amplitudes. We also give various details relevant for the implementation of this formalism in a realistic numerical lattice QCD calculation. Particular focus is given to the role of single-particle form factors in disentangling finite-volume effects from the triangle diagram that arise when J couples to one of the two hadrons. This also leads to a new finite-volume function, denoted G, the numerical evaluation of which is described in detail. As an example we discuss the determination of the pi pi + J -> pi pi amplitude in the rho channel, for which the single-pion form factor, F-pi (Q(2)), as well as the scattering phase, delta(pi pi), are required to remove all power-law (mite-volume effects. The formalism presented here holds for local currents with arbitrary Lorentz structure, and we give specific examples of insertions with up to two Lorentz indices.