Imprint of a scalar era on the primordial spectrum of gravitational waves

Upcoming searches for the stochastic background of inflationary gravitational waves (GWs) offer the exciting possibility to probe the evolution of our Universe prior to big bang nucleosynthesis. In this spirit, we explore the sensitivity of future GW observations to a broad class of beyond-the-standard-model scenarios that lead to a nonstandard expansion history. We consider a new scalar field whose coherent oscillations dominate the energy density of the Universe at very early times, resulting in a scalar era prior to the standard radiation-dominated era. The imprint of this scalar era on the primordial GW spectrum provides a means to probe well-motivated yet elusive models of particle physics. Our work highlights the complementarity of future GW observatories across the entire range of accessible frequencies.