Association of Optimism With Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

IMPORTANCE Optimism and pessimism can be easily measured and are potentially modifiable mindsets that may be associated with cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVE To conduct ameta-analysis and systematic review of the association between optimism and risk for future cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO electronic databases were systematically searched from inception through July 2, 2019, to identify all cohort studies investigating the association between optimism and pessimism and cardiovascular events and/or all-cause mortality by using the following Medical Subject Heading terms: optimism, optimistic explanatory style, pessimism, outcomes, endpoint, mortality, death, cardiovascular events, stroke, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and cardiovascular disease. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were screened and extracted independently by 2 investigators (A. R. and C. B.). Adjusted effect estimates were used, and pooled analysis was performed using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random-effects model. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the findings. The Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) reporting guideline was followed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cardiovascular events included a composite of fatal cardiovascular mortality, nonfatalmyocardial infarction, stroke, and/or new-onset angina. All-cause mortality was assessed as a separate outcome. RESULTS The search yielded 15 studies comprising 229 391 participants of which 10 studies reported data on cardiovascular events and 9 studies reported data on all-cause mortality. The mean follow-up period was 13.8 years (range, 2-40 years). On pooled analysis, optimism was significantly associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular events (relative risk, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.51-0.78; P <.001), with high heterogeneity in the analysis (I-2 = 87.4%). Similarly, optimism was significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (relative risk, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.92; P <.001), with moderate heterogeneity (I-2 = 73.2%). Subgroup analyses bymethods for assessment, follow-up duration, sex, and adjustment for depression and other potential confounders yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that optimism is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Future studies should seek to better define the biobehavioral mechanisms underlying this association and evaluate the potential benefit of interventions designed to promote optimism or reduce pessimism.