Journal
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
Volume 6, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00544
Keywords
ocean observation; network design; CO2 fluxes; flux maps; carbon sink
Funding
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [01LK12241, 01LK1101C, 01LK1224J, 01LK1101F, 01LK1224D]
- German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
- Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)
- Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea Protection of Italy (MATTM)
- Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche Ufficio Programmazione Operativa (CNR-UPO)
- H2020 project JERICONext [654410]
- Monitoring Programme of Italian Marine Strategy
- BONUS (Art 185)
- Swedish Research Council Formas
- Academy of Finland
- BONUS (Art 185) through project BONUS INTEGRAL
- BELSPO [FR/36/IC1-IC4]
- Polish National Centre for Research and Development
- Estonian Research Council
- CNRS-INSU
- IRD
- Research Foundation -Flanders (FWO) [G0H3317N]
- research infrastructure project Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) Norway and Ocean Thematic Centre from the Research Council of Norway [245927]
- NERC project CLASS (Climate Linked Atlantic Sector Science) [NE/R015953/1]
- EMSO (EU Horizon 2020 Project EMSO-Link grant) [731036]
Ask authors/readers for more resources
The European Research Infrastructure Consortium Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) aims at delivering high quality greenhouse gas (GHG) observations and derived data products (e.g., regional GHG-flux maps) for constraining the GHG balance on a European level, on a sustained long-term basis. The marine domain (ICOS-Oceans) currently consists of 11 Ship of Opportunity lines (SOOP - Ship of Opportunity Program) and 10 Fixed Ocean Stations (FOSs) spread across European waters, including the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Barents, North, Baltic, and Mediterranean Seas. The stations operate in a harmonized and standardized way based on community-proven protocols and methods for ocean GHG observations, improving operational conformity as well as quality control and assurance of the data. This enables the network to focus on long term research into the marine carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon sink, while preparing the network to include other GHG fluxes. ICOS data are processed on a near real-time basis and will be published on the ICOS Carbon Portal (CP), allowing monthly estimates of CO2 air-sea exchange to be quantified for European waters. ICOS establishes transparent operational data management routines following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) guiding principles allowing amongst others reproducibility, interoperability, and traceability. The ICOS-Oceans network is actively integrating with the atmospheric (e.g., improved atmospheric measurements onboard SOOP lines) and ecosystem (e.g., oceanic direct gas flux measurements) domains of ICOS, and utilizes techniques developed by the ICOS Central Facilities and the CP. There is a strong interaction with the international ocean carbon cycle community to enhance interoperability and harmonize data flow. The future vision of ICOS-Oceans includes ship-based ocean survey sections to obtain a three-dimensional understanding of marine carbon cycle processes and optimize the existing network design.
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