Journal
HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 87-91Publisher
INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET
DOI: 10.1049/htl.2018.5081
Keywords
electrochemical sensors; graphical user interfaces; blood; diseases; sugar; calcium; patient diagnosis; potassium; sodium; pH measurement; medical computing; electrochemical properties; FBGL determination process; painless FBGL estimation; noninvasive platform; fasting blood glucose levels; salivary electrochemical parameters; metabolic disorder; proxy biofluid; portable sensors; ionic concentrations; electrochemical sensors; diabetes; K+; Na+; Ca2+
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Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects more than 400 million people worldwide. Most existing approaches for measuring fasting blood glucose levels (FBGLs) are invasive. This work presents a proof-of-concept study in which saliva is used as a proxy biofluid to estimate FBGL. Saliva collected from 175 volunteers was analysed using portable, handheld sensors to measure its electrochemical properties such as conductivity, redox potential, pH and K+, Na+ and Ca2+ ionic concentrations. These data, along with the person's gender and age, were trained and tested after casewise annotation with their true FBGL values using a set of mathematical algorithms. An accuracy of 87.4 +/- 1.7% and a mean relative deviation of 14.1% (R-2 = 0.76) was achieved using a mathematical algorithm. All parameters except the gender were found to play a key role in the FBGL determination process. Finally, the individual electrochemical sensors were integrated into a single platform and interfaced with the authors' algorithm through a simple graphical user interface. The system was revalidated on 60 new saliva samples and gave an accuracy of 81.67 +/- 2.53% (R-2 = 0.71). This study paves the way for rapid, efficient and painless FBGL estimation from saliva.
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